Introduction One of the easiest ways to make your server more responsive, and guard against out-of-memory errors in your application, is to add some swap space. Swap is an area on a storage drive where the operating system can temporarily store data that it can no longer hold in memory. This gives you the ability to increase the amount of information that your server can keep in its working memory, with some caveats. Reading from and writing to swap is slower than using memory, but it can provide a good safety net for when your server is low on memory. Without swap, a server that runs out of memory may start killing applications to free up memory, or even crash. This can cause you to lose unsaved data or experience downtime. To ensure reliable data access, some applications require swap to function. In this guide, we will cover how to create and enable a swap file on a CentOS 7 server. Note Although swap is generally recommended for systems utilizing traditional spinning hard drives, using swap with SSDs can cause issues with hardware degradation over time. Due to this consideration, we do not recommend enabling swap on DigitalOcean or any other provider that utilizes SSD storage. Doing so can impact the reliability of the underlying hardware for you and your neighbors. If you need to improve the performance of your server, we recommend upgrading your Droplet. This will lead to better results in general and will decrease the likelihood of contributing to hardware issues that can affect your service. Prerequisites Before you…

How do I create a symbolic links under Linux or Unix like operating systems using command line options? You need to use the ln command. It is a standard Unix / Linux / BSD command to create links to files. There are two types of links under UNIX, hard and soft link: Hard link vs. Soft link in Linux or UNIX [a] Hard links cannot links directories ( cannot link /tmp with /home/you/tmp) [b] Hard links cannot cross file system boundaries ( cannot link /tmp mounted on/tmp to 2nd hard disk mounted on /harddisk2)  Symbolic links refer to a symbolic path indicating the abstract location of another file [d] Hard links, refer to the specific location of physical data. UNIX create a symbolic link command To create a symbolic link, enter: $ ln -s {/path/to/file-name} {link-name} $ ln -s /shared/sales/data/file.txt sales.data.txt $ vi sales.data.txt $ ls -l sales.data.txt How do I delete a symbolic link? To delete a link, enter: $ rm {link-name} $ rm sales.data.txt $ ls -l $ ls -l /shared/sales/data/file.txt If you delete the soft link itself (sales.data.txt) , the data file would still be there ( /shared/sales/data/file.txt ). However, if you delete /shared/sales/data/file.txt, sales.data.txt becomes a broken link and data is lost. UNIX create a hardlink command To create hard link, enter (without the -s option): $ ln {file.txt} {hard-link} $ ln /tmp/file link-here How do I delete a hard link? You can delete hard link with the rm command itself: $ rm {hard-link} $ rm link-here If you delete a hard link, your data would be there. If you delete /tmp/file your data still be accessible via link-here hard link file.

After creating disk partitions and formatting them properly, you may want to mount or unmount your drives. On Linux, mounting drives is done via mountpoints on the virtual filesystem, allowing system users to navigate the filesystem as well as create and delete files on them. In this tutorial, we are going to see how you can mount and unmount drives on your Linux system. We are also going to see how you can amend the fstab file in order to make your mount settings permanent. Prerequisites In order to mount drives and filesystems on Linux, you need to have sudo privileges on your machine. To verify that you have sudo privileges, you can run the “sudo” command with the “-l” in order to list the privileges you currently own. $ sudo -l User <user> may run the following commands on schkn-ubuntu: (ALL : ALL) ALL If you are not sure how to give sudo rights to users on Debian/Ubuntu or CentOS/RHEL, make sure to check our dedicated guides on the subject. Mount Drives on Linux In order to mount drives on Linux, you have to use the “mount” command using the following syntax $ sudo mount <device> <dir> First of all, you need to check the disk partitions already created on your system that are not already mounted. To list partitions with filesystems types, use the “lsblk” command with the “-f” option. $ lsblk -f NAME FSTYPE LABEL UUID MOUNTPOINT sda ├─sda1 ext4 0935df16-40b0-4850-9d47-47cd2daf6e59 sdb ├─sdb1 ext4 b9df59e6-c806-4851-befa-12402bca5828 / Alternatively, you can use the “blkid” command in order to locate and list block devices on your system. Unfortunately, this command does not list the…

As system administrators, we would have got requirements wherein we need to configure raw hard disks to the existing servers as part of upgrading server capacity or sometimes disk replacement in case of disk failure. Attaching BuyVM/FranTech Block Storage Slabs to a Linux has the similar approach. In this article, I will take you through the steps by which we can add the new Block Storage Slabs to an existing Linux server such as RHEL/CentOS or Debian/Ubuntu. Important: Please note that the purpose of this article is to show only how to create a new partition and doesn’t include partition extension or any other switches. I am using fdisk utility to do this configuration. I have added a hard disk of 512GB capacity to be mounted as a /data partition. fdisk is a command line utility to view and manage hard disks and partitions on Linux systems. Firstly, you need to login BuyVM/FranTech Stallion control panel to attach your Block Storage Slabs to your VM. This will list the current partitions and configurations. After attaching the hard disk of 512GB capacity, the fdisk -l will give the below output. New disk added is shown as /dev/sda. Some will show as /dev/xvdcbased of the disk type. To partition a particular hard disk, for example /dev/sda. Type m to print command options Here since we are creating a partition use n option to create either primary/extended partitions. By default we can have upto 4 primary partitions. ive the partition number as desired. Recommended to go for the default value 1. Give the value of the first sector. If it is a new disk, always select default value. If you…

Protective measures for a server are very important and there are several ways to protect your websites and apps from malicious bots. You can just simply add this piece of code into Nginx Conf file server{} section:

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1. Check the current running Kernel Version 2. List the Kernel Entries as per GRUB2 file: 3. Let us modify the Kernel Version to "CentOS Linux (5.8.5-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64) 7 (Core)" which is at line number 2 but denoted as entry 1. 4. Changes to /etc/default/grub require rebuilding the grub.cfg file as follows: Reboot the Server and it will boot with Kernel Version 5.8.5-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64.

RamNode ORDER HERE CPU Model : Intel Xeon E3-12xx v2 (Ivy Bridge, IBRS)CPU Cores : 1CPU Frequency : 2599.998 MHzCPU Cache : 16384 KBTotal Disk : 15.0 GB (3.3 GB Used)Total Mem : 487 MB (66 MB Used)Total Swap : 2047 MB (0 MB Used)System uptime : 0 days, 0 hour 2 minLoad average : 0.20, 0.20, 0.08OS : CentOS 7.6.1810Arch : x86_64 (64 Bit)Kernel : 3.10.0-957.21.3.el7.x86_64TCP CC : cubicVirtualization : KVMOrganization : AS3842 RamNode LLCLocation : Austin / US Region : Texas I/O Speed(1st run) : 719 MB/sI/O Speed(2nd run) : 722 MB/sI/O Speed(3rd run) : 754 MB/s Average I/O speed : 731.7 MB/s Processor: Intel Xeon E3-12xx v2 (Ivy Bridge, IBRS)CPU cores: 1Frequency: 2599.998 MHzRAM: 487MSwap: 2.0GKernel: Linux 3.10.0-957.21.3.el7.x86_64 x86_64 Disks:vda 15G HDD CPU: SHA256-hashing 500 MB2.660 secondsCPU: bzip2-compressing 500 MBCPU: AES-encrypting 500 MB2.197 seconds ioping: seek ratemin/avg/max/mdev = 121.9 us / 207.0 us / 11.8 ms / 214.9 usioping: sequential read speedgenerated 10.1 k requests in 5.00 s, 2.46 GiB, 2.01 k iops, 503.6 MiB/s dd: sequential write speed1st run: 775.34 MiB/s2nd run: 818.25 MiB/s3rd run: 790.60 MiB/saverage: 794.73 MiB/s IPv4 speedtestsyour IPv4: 192.184.90.xxxx IPv6 speedtestsyour IPv6: 2604:180:f2:xxxx OVH BHS (CA): 5.64 MiB/s RamNode ORDER HERE

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Some bit of indigestion during an update has left one of your system reserved partitions on the hard disk hanging out. I don't think anybody's come up with a set-in-stone solution yet : the problem appears to be random, sometimes disappearing after a few days. (you can Search these forums for other similar issues) But, seeing as it's been a few months, if you're feeling adventurous, you could run DiskPart and try and remove the letter. Open up a Command Prompt (Administrator) : <Win+X> then select from the Powerusers Menu... Start typing...     a list of all your lettered volumes should appear substituting the number corresponding to your z drive for 'n'     If that works, restart and see if the change is persistent. If horrible things start happening, reverse the process... list and select as before then

After installing RHEL/CentOS 7 minimal and sleeping with your u shaped body pillow, You may not able to connect network in that machine. This will happen because Ethernet interfaces are not enabled by default. This guide explain you to setup network on RHEL/CentOS 7. Setup network on CentOS 7 minimal First, type “nmcli d” command in your terminal for quick list ethernet card installed on your machine: “nmcli d” command output Type “nmtui” command in your terminal to open Network manager. After opening Network manager chose “Edit connection” and press Enter (Use TAB button for choosing options). CentOS_7 Network manager screen Now choose you network interfaces and click “Edit” Edit your network interfaces DHCP configuration Choose “Automatic” in IPv4 CONFIGURATION and check Automatically connect check box and press OK and quit from Network manager. Set ip adress using DHCP Reset network services: service network restart Now your server will get IP Address from DHCP . CentOS 7 check ip address

The error "IndentationError: unexpected indent" in Python people get most time is something to do with space and tab syntax in editor. Editor needs to be set using space instead of tab in python programming. Eg. Convert tabs to spaces in Notepad++ To convert existing tabs to spaces, press Edit->Blank Operations->TAB to Space. If in the future you want to enter spaces instead of tab when you press tab key: Go to Settings->Preferences...->Language (since version 7.1) or Settings->Preferences...->Tab Settings (previous versions) Check Replace by space (Optional) You can set the number of spaces to use in place of a Tab by changing the Tab size field.

To find files on a linux system you can use following command: # find / -name xxxx But I prefer to use the locate command. This command is extremely easy to use and it’s faster than the find-command. # locate filename To install the locate package, use yum. # yum install mlocate To update it’s ‘internal database’, run following command. # updatedb To find a file, use following command # locate httpd.conf /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf